Physics (Elective)
RECOMMENDED TEXT FOR B.Sc. SYLLABUS OF PHYSICS IS GENERALLY by David Halliday, ROBERT RESNICK / KENNETH S.KRANE, Publishers John Wiley and Sons, 4TH EDITION (ISBN 0-471-80457-6)
Note: The Paper A, B, & C are Subjective and Paper D & E are of Practical. The each Subjective paper is of 50 marks and Paper D & E are of 25 marks each. The Papers are further subdivided into sections
CURRICULUM FOR B.Sc. (PHYSICS)
PAPER: A 50 Marks
SECTION-I
MECHANICS
| TOPICS | SCOPES |
| VECTOR OPERATIONS: | |
| Vector in 3 dimensions | Introduction; Direction Cosines; Spherical polar coordinates;
applications |
| Vector derivatives and operations | Divergence and curl of a vector, and gradient of a scalar. |
| Gradient, Divergence and Curl of a Vector | Physical application of each type; Divergence and Flux of a
vector field, curl and line integral (mutual relation) |
| Divergence Theorem, Stokes’ Theorem | Derivation, physical importance and applications to specific
cases. Converting from differential to integral forms |
Reference Book: FIELD AND WAVE ELECTROMAGNETICS (Second Edition) by David K. Cheng, Addison-Wesley Series in Electrical Engineering (ISBN 0-201-52820)
Particle Dynamics
| Topics | Scopes |
| (Advanced applications of Newton’s laws) Dynamics of Uniform motion | Frictional forces: microscopic basis of this force Conical pendulum; the rotor, circular the banked curve. |
| Equations of motion. | Deriving kinematics equations X(V), v(t) using integrations. Constant and Non constant Forces and special examples. |
| Time dependent forces | Obtaining x(t), v(t) for this case using integration method |
| Effect of drag forces on motion | Applying Newton’s Laws to obtain v(t) for the case of motion with time dependent drag(viscous) forces; terminal velocity. Projectile motion/ air resistance. |
| Non inertial frames and Pseudo forces | Qualitative discussion to develop understanding. Calculation of pseudo forces for simple cases ( linearly accelerated references frame). Centrifugal force as an example of pseudo force; Carioles force. |
| Limitations of Newton’s Laws. | Discussion. |
| Suggested level | Ch: 6: Resnick , Halliday and Krane(R.H.K) |
WORK AND ENERGY |
|
| TOPICS | SCOPES |
| Work done by a constant force, work done by a variable force(1-dimension). | (Essentially a review of grade-XII Concepts use of integration technique to calculate work done (e.g. in vibration of a spring obeying Hooks Law) |
| Work done by a variable(2-dimensional case) | Obtaining general expression force and applying to simple cases e.g. pulling a mass at the end of a fixed string against gravity. |
| Work energy theorem. General proof Of work energy theorem. | Qualitative Review of work energy |
| Power | Theorem. Derivation using integral calculus. Basic formula and applications. |
| Reference Frames | Energy changes with respect to observers in different inertial frames. |
| Suggested Level: | Ch. 7 of R.H.K. |
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY |
|
| Conservative, and non Conservative forces | Definition of either type of force & examples; work done in a closed path.
1-D conservative system; force as the gradient of potential energy; applications to the case a spring and force of gravity. |
| One dimensional conservative system | Obtaining velocity in terms of U and E ; stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium. Analytic solution for x(t). |
| 2, 3 dimensional conservative systems | Change in P.E. for motion in 3-d force. Force as the gradient of the potentials. Work done in 2, 3 dimensional motion. |
| Conservation of energy in a system of particles | Law of conservation of total energy of an isolated system |
| Suggested Level: | Ch.8 of H.R.K. |
SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES |
|
| Two particle system and Generalization to many particle systems. | Centre of mass: Its position velocity and equation of motion |
| Centre of mass of solid objects | Calculation of center of mass of solid objects using integral calculus.
Calculating C.M. of, I. Uniform Rod. Cylinder Sphere |
| Momentum Changes in a system of variable mass. | Derivation of basic equation; application to motion of a rocket (determination of its mass as a function of time). |
| Suggested level…. | Ch.9 of H.R.K. |
| COLLISIONS | |
| TOPICS | SCOPES |
| Elastic Collisions | (a) one dimensions. |
| Conservation of momentum during Collision. | (b) Two dimensions (Oblique Collisions) |
| Inelastic collision | One and two dimensions |
| Collisions in centre of Mass reference frame | Simple applications: obtaining Velocities in c.m. frame. |
| Suggested Level | Ch.: 10 of H.R.K. |
| ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS | |
| Overview of rotational Dynamics | Relationships between linear & angular variables; scalar and vector form.
Kinetic energy of rotation; Moment of Inertia. |
| Parallel axis theorem | Prove and Illustrate; apply to simple cases |
| Determination of moment of inertice of various shapes. Rotational dynamics of rigid bodies. | Equations of rotational motion and effects of application of torques. |
| Combined rotational and transnational motion | Rolling without slipping |
| Suggested Levels | Ch. 12 of H.R.K |
| ANGULAR MOMENTUM | |
| Angular Velocity | Definition, Conservation of angular momentum, effects of Torque |
| Stability of spinning objects | Discussion with examples. |
| The spinning Top | Effects of torque on the angular momentum, precessional motion. |
| Suggested Level | Ch 13 H.R.K |
| GRAVITATION | |
| Review of basic concepts of gravitation. Gravitational effect of a spherical mass distribution | Mathematical treatment |
| Gravitational Potential Energy | Develop using integration techniques; calculation of escape velocity |
| Gravitational field & potential | Develop the idea of field of force |
| Universal Gravitational Law | Motion of Planets and Keplers laws. (Derivation & explanation) Motion of satellites. Energy considerations in planetary and satellite motion. Qualitative discussion on application of gravitational law to the Galaxy. |
| Suggested Levels | Ch 16 of H.R.K |
| BULK PROPERTIES OF MATTERS | |
| Elastic Properties of Matter | Physical basic of elasticity Tension, compression & Shearing
Elastic Modulus; Elastic limit |
| Suggested Level | Ch 14 H.R.K |
| Fluid Statics | Variation of Pressure in fluid at rest and with height in the atmosphere. |
| Surface Tension | Physical basis; role in formation of drops and bubbles |
| Suggested Level | Ch 17 H.R.K |
| Fluid Dynamics | General concepts of fluid flow, streamline and the equation of continuity |
| Bernoulli’s Equation | Derivation and some applications such as dynamic lift thrust on a rocket |
| Viscosity | Physical basis; obtaining the coefficient of viscosity, practical example of viscosity; fluid flow (Poisenille’s law) |
| Suggested Level | Ch 18 R.H.K |
| SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY | |
| Trouble with classical Mechanics | Qualitative discussion of inadequacy or paradoxes in classical ideas of time, length and velocity. |
| Postulates of Relativity | Statements and Discussion |
| The Lorentz Transformation inverse transformation | Derivation, Assumptions on which derived application of the same Transformation of velocities. |
| Consequences of Lorentz transformation | Relativity of time, relativity of length |
| Relativistic momentum | Derivation |
| Relativistic energy | Derive E=mc2 |
| Suggested level | Partially covered by Ch: 21 of H.R.K |
SECTION-II
WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS
OSCILLATIONS
| Harmonic oscillations | |
| Simple harmonic oscillation (SHM) | Obtaining and solving the basic equation of motion x(t), v(t), a(t). Energy considerations in SHM |
| Application of SHM | Torsional Oscillators; Physical pendulum,
Simple pendulum |
| SHM and uniform circular motion
Lissaajous patterns. |
Combinations of Harmonic motion. |
| Damped Harmonic Motion | Equation of damped harmonic motion,
Discussion of its solution. |
| Forced Oscillations and resonances | Equation of forced oscillation, discussion of its solution. Examples of resonances. |
| Suggested level | Ch.:15 of H.R.K |
WAVES
| Mechanical waves Travelling waves | Phase velocity of traveling waves; Sinusoidal waves; group speed and dispersion. |
| Waves speed | Mechanical analysis |
| Wave equation. | Discussion of solution. |
| Power and intensity in wave motion. | Derivation and discussion |
| Principle of superposition (basic ideas). | Interference of waves, standing waves. Phase changes on reflection; Natural frequency, resonance. |
| Suggested level | Ch.: 19 of H. R. K. |
SOUND
| Beats Phenomenon | Analytical treatment |
| Doppler Effect | Moving source, moving observer, both object and source moving. |
| Suggested level | Ch.: 20 of H. R. K. |
LIGHT
| Nature of light | Visible light (Physical characteristics) |
| Light as an Electro-magnetic wave | Speed of light in matter: physical aspect path difference, phase difference etc. |
| Suggested level | Ch : 42 H. R. K. |
| Interference | |
| Adding of Electromagnetic waves using phasors. | Coherence of sources; Double slit interference, analytical treatment. |
| Interference from thin films Michelson Interferometer | Newton’s rings (analytical treatment).
(Discussion to include use of a compensating plate; Michelson interferometer use in determining velocity of light.) |
| Fresenel’s Biprism and its use. | |
| Suggested level | Ch : 45 H. R. K. |
| Diffraction | Difference at single slit; Intensity in single slit diffraction using phasor treatment and analytical treatment using addition of waves. Slit interference & diffraction combined. Diffraction at a circular aperture |
| Diffraction from multiple slits | Discussion to include with of the maxima. |
| Diffraction grating. | Discussion, use in spectrographs. Dispersion and resolving power of gratings. |
| Holography | Qualitative discussion. |
| Suggested level | Ch : 46, 47 H. R. K. |
| Polarization | Basic definition, production of polarization by polarizing sheets, by reflection, by double refraction and double scattering. |
| Description of polarization states | Linear, Circular, elliptic polarization |
| Rotation of plane of polarization | Use of Polarimeter. |
| Suggested level | Ch : 48 H. R. K. |
PAPER: B 50 Marks
SECTION-I
THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS
| TOPIC | SCOPE |
| Temperature | |
| Kinetic theory of the ideal gas,
Work done on an ideal gas |
Review of previous concepts. |
| Internal energy of an ideal gas | To include the Equi-partition of energy. |
| Intermolecular forces.
Quantitative discussion. |
Van der Waals equation of state. |
| Suggested level | Ch : 23 H. R. K. |
| STATISTICAL MECHANICS | |
| Statistical, distribution and mean values | Mean free path and microscopic calculations of mean free path. |
| Distribution of molecular speeds
Distribution of energies |
Maxwell distribution; Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution; Internal energy of an ideal gas. |
| Brownian motion | Qualitative description. Diffusion, conduction and Viscosity |
| Suggested level: | Ch: 24 H.R.K. |
| HEAT | |
| Review of previous concepts. | first law of Thermodynamics& its applications |
| First law of thermodynamics,
Transfer of heat. |
cyclic and free expansion. |
| Suggested level: | Ch 25 H.R.K. |
ENTROPY AND SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNYMICS.
| Reversible and irreversible | Definition , discussion. Definition, |
| Process, second law. | Heat engine. Refrigerator and second law. |
| Cycle; Carnot engines. | Calculation of efficiency of heat engines. |
| Thermodynamics temperature scale | Absolute zero: negative temperature, (discussion) |
| Entropy .. | Entropy in reversible process
Entropy in irreversible process Entropy and second law Entropy and probability. |
| Suggested level | Ch :26H.R.K. |
| Low temperature physics | liquification of gases : Joules – Thomason effect. |
SECTION-II
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
| TOPICS | SCOPE |
| ELECTROSTATICS | |
| Electric charge
Conductors and Insulators Vector form of Coulomb’s Law. |
(Review of Previous concepts) Coulomb’s law, law for point charges.
Quantization and conservation of charge. (Discussion) |
| Suggested level | Ch : 27 H.R.K. |
| Electric Field | |
| Field due to a point charge; due to several point charges, Electric dipole. | |
| Electric field of continuous charge distribution. | e.g. Ring of charge; disc of charge; infinite line of charge. |
| Point Charge in an electric field
Dipole in an electric field |
Torque on and energy of a dipole in uniform field. |
| Gauss’s Law | Electric flux; Gauss’s law; (Integral and differential forms) |
| Applications of Gauss’s Law (Integral form) | Charged isolated conductors; conductor with a cavity, field near a charged conducting sheet. Field of an infinite line of charge; Field of an infinite sheet of charge. Field of spherical shell. Field of spherical charge distribution. |
| Suggested level: | Ch : 29 H.R.K. |
| ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL | Potential due to point charge. Potential due to collection of point charges. Potential due to dipole. Electric potential of continuous charge distribution. Equipotential surfaces. |
| Calculating the field from the potential | Field as the gradient or derivative of potential. Potential and field inside and outside an isolated conductor |
| Suggested level | Ch : 30 H. R. K. |
| Capacitors and dielectrics | Capacitance; calculating the electric field in a capacitor. Capacitors of various shapes, cylindrical, spherical etc. Energy stored in an electric field. Energy per unit volume. |
| Capacitor with dielectric | Electric field of dielectric
(1) An atomic view (2) Application of Gauss’s Law to capacitor with dielectric. |
| Suggested level | Ch: 31 H.R.K. |
| ELECTRIC CURRENT | |
| Electric current | Current density, Resistance, resistivity, conductivity (Microscopic & macroscopic view of resistivity) |
| Ohm’s Law | Basic definition. Analogy between current and heat flow. Microscopic view of Ohms Law. |
| Energy transfers in an electric circuit | |
| Semiconductors, Super- conductors | Descriptive giving basic idea |
| Suggested level | Ch : 32 H.R.K. |
| DC CIRCUITS | |
| Calculating the current in a single loop, multiple loops; voltages at various elements of a loop. | Use of Kirchoff’s 1st and 2nd Law. |
| RC circuits. | Growth and decay of charge/ current in an RC circuit. Analytical treatment. |
| Suggested Level | Ch 33 H.R.K |
MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS
| Magnetic Field, B. | Basic idea. |
| Magnetic force on a charged particle magnetic force on a current. | Recall the previous results. Do not derive. |
| Torque on a current loop Magnetic dipole | Define Energy of magnetic dipole in field. Discuss quantitatively |
| Ampere’s LAW | |
| Biot-Savarts Law | Analytical treatment and applications to a current loop, force on two parallel current changing conductors. |
| Ampere’s Law | Integral and differential forms, applications to solenoids and Toroids. (Integral form) |
| Suggested Level | Ch : 35 H.R.K |
| FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
|
|
| Faraday’s Law | Magnetic Flux. Consequences of Faraday’s Law. |
| Lenz’s Law | Discussion, Eddy currents etc. |
| Motional E.M.F. | Quantitative analysis |
| Induced Electric fields | Calculation and applications |
| Suggested level | Ch 36 H.R.K |
| Magnetic Properties of Matter | |
| Gauss’s Law for magnetism | Discussing and developing concepts of conservation of magnetic flux |
| Differential form of Gauss Law | |
| Origin of Atomic and Nuclear magnetism | Basic ideas’ Bohr Magnetron |
| Magnetization | Defining M. B. u. |
| Magnetic Materials | Para magnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism Discussion. Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic materials. |
| Suggested level | Ch 37 H.R.K |
| INDUCTANCE | |
| Inductance | Basic definition. Inductance of a Solenoid; Toroid. |
| LR Circuits | Growth and decay of current, analytical treatment. |
| Energy stored in magnetic field | Derive Energy density and the magnetic field |
| Electromagnetic Oscillation | Qualitative discussion
Quantitative analysis using differential equations (without considering damped and forced oscillations) Forced electromagnetic oscillations and resonance |
| Suggested Level: | Ch 38 H.R.K |
| Alternating current CIRCUITS | AC current in resistive, inductive and capacitive elements. |
| Single loop RLC circuit | Analytical expression for time dependent solution Graphical analysis phase angles |
| Power in AC circuits | Power Phase angles RMS values power factor |
| Transformer | basic transformer equation |
| Suggested level: | Ch,39 R.H.K. |
| Maxwell’s equations | |
| Summarizing the electromagnetic equations | Gauss’s law for electromagnetism; Faraday Law; Ampere’s law |
| Induced magnetic fields and .Displacement current | Development of concepts, applications. |
| Maxwell’s equations.. | (integral & differential forms) discussion and implications. |
| Suggested level: | Ch:40: H.R.K |
Electromagnetic waves
| Generating an electromagnetic wave. | |
| Traveling waves and Maxwell’s equations | Analytical treatment; obtaining differential form Maxwell’s equation obtaining the velocity of
Light from Maxwell’s equations. |
| Energy transport and the Poynting vector.. | Analytical treatment and discussion of physical concepts. |
| Suggested level: | Ch.41 H.R.K. |
Paper: C 50 Marks
SECTION-I
Electronics
| Semiconductor materials | Idea of energy bands and energy gaps (qualitative P-type, N-type material. |
| Junction diode | Structure, Characteristics and Application as rectifiers |
| Transistor | basic structure and operation |
| Transistor biasing.. | Biasing for amplifiers; Characteristics of common base, Common emitter, Common collector, Load line, Operating point, Hybrid parameters. |
| Transistor as an amplifier | Common emitter mode. |
| Amplification with feedback oscillators. | Positive & negative feedback Oscillators. Multivibrators. |
| Logic Gates | OR, AND, NOT , NAND, NOR and their basic applications. |
| Suggested level | A-Level Physics by ROGER MUNCASTER, 2nd Edition.
Understanding Physics for Advance Level by JIM BREITHAUPT, Published by Hutchinson, ISBN 0 09 1645816. |
SECTION-II
Modern physics
Quantum physics
| Thermal radiations..
(Black body radiation) |
Stefan Boltzmann, Wien and Planck’s law….. Consequences. |
| The quantization of energy. | Quantum numbers; Correspondence principle. |
| Photoelectric effect. | |
| . Einstein’s photon theory. | Explanation of photoelectric effect. |
| The Compton Effect | Analytical treatment. |
| Line Spectra | Quantitative discussion; Explanation using quantum theory. |
| Suggested level | Ch: 49 H.R.K. |
WAVE NATURE OF MATTER
| Wave behavior of particles | De Broglie hypothesis |
| Testing De Broglie’s hypothesis | Davisson-Germer Expt and explanation. |
| Waves, Waves Packets and Particles | Localizing a wave in space and time |
| Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (HUP) HUP for momentum-position and Energy Time; | HUP applied to single slit diffraction |
| Wave Function | Definition, relation to probability of particle. |
| Schrödinger Equation. | To be presented without derivation, and applied to specific cases e.g. step potentials and free part particle, Barrier. Tunneling (basic idea). |
State and Energy Levels
| Trapped Particles and probability Densiti Barrier tunneling. | Particles in a well, Probability density using wave function of states. Discussion of Particle in a well. |
| The correspondence principles | Discussion. |
| Dual nature of matter
(waves and particles) |
Discussion |
| Suggested level | Ch.50 H.R.K |
ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN
| TOPICS | SCOPE |
| Bohr’s theory | Derivation and quantitative discussion; Frank Hertz experiment.
Energy levels of electrons; Atomic Spectrum. |
| Angular Momentum of Electrons | (Vector atom model) orbital angular momentum; Space quantization, Orbital angular momentum & magnetism, Bohr’s magnetor |
| Electron Spin | Dipole in non-uniform field; Stern-Gerlach experiment, Experimental results. |
| Suggested Level: | Ch.51H.R.K |
ATOMIC PHYSICS
| X-ray Spectrum | Continuous and Discrete Spectrum- Explanation |
| X-ray & Atomic number | Moseley’s Law. |
| Development of periodic table | Pauli exclusion principle and its use in developing the periodic table. |
| Laser | Basic Concepts & Working of He-Ne Laser. |
| Suggested Level: | Ch.52 H.R.K |
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
| Discovering the nucleus | Review. Rutherford’s Experiment and interpretation. |
| Some Nuclear Properties | (a) Nuclear systematic (Mass No., Atomic No. Isotopes.
(b) Nuclear Force (Basic Ideas). (c) Nuclear Radii. (d) Nuclear Masses Binding Energies Mass defect. (e) Nuclear Spin & Magnetism. |
| Radioactive decay | Law of decay; half life, mean life. |
| Alpha decay | Basic ideas. |
| Beta decay | Basic ideas |
| Measuring ionizing radiation (Units) | Curie, Rad: etc. |
| Natural Radioactivity | Discussion, radioactive dating. |
| Nuclear Reactions | Basic ideas e.g. reaction energy, Q. Value, exothermic-endothermic.
(Some discussion of reaction energies in the contact of nuclear stationery states). |
| Suggested Level | Ch. 54 H.R.K. |
.ENERGY FROM THE NUCLEUS
| Nuclear Fission | Basic process: Liquid drop model, description, Theory of N. Fission |
| Nuclear Reactors | Basic Principles. |
| Thermonuclear Fusion (T.N.F.) | Basic process; T.N.F. in stars. |
| Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion | Basic Ideas and requirements for a T.N. reactor. |
| Suggested Level; | Ch.54 H.R.K. |
PAPER:D 25 Marks
Note: The candidate must perform at least 50% of the practical of each sub section.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
- Surface tension by capillary rise
- ‘g’ by compound pendulum
- Elastic constants of a wire by a spiral spring
- Modulus of rigidity of a wire by dynamic method
- Modulus of rigidity of a wire using Barton’s apparatus
- Modulus of rigidity of a wire using Maxwell’s needle
HEAT
- Calibration of a thermo couple by a potentiometer
- Mechanical equivalent of heat by Calendar and Barne’s apparatus
SOUND
- Frequency of A.C. using sonometer.
- Velocity of sound by Kundr’s tube.
OPTICS
- Vertical distance by a sextant
- Wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s rings
- Wavelength of sodium light by diffraction grating
- Wavelength of sodium light by Fresenel’s biprism
- Resolving power of a diffraction grating
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
- Measurement of high resistance and capacitance of a capacitor by neon bulb.
- I-H Curve by Magnetometer
- Conversion of a moving coil galvanometer into an ammeter.
- Conversion of a moving coil galvanometer into a voltmeter.
- Calibration of an ammeter by a potentiometer.
- Calibration of a voltmeter by a potentiometer.
- Low resistance by Carey Foster Bridge.
- Charge sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer
- Comparison of capacities by ballistic galvanometer
- Measurement of magnetic flux by a search coil
PAPER:E 25 Marks
Note: The candidate must perform at least 50% of the practical of each sub section.
MODERN PHYSICS
- Work function of metal using sodium light.
- Determine Plank’s constant ‘h’ by cut-off method using a photo Cell.
- Measurement of Planck’s constant using a spectrometer.
- Determination of e/m of electron by deflection method.
- Determination of ionization potential of Mercury.
- To study the characteristics of an acceptor circuit.
- To study the characteristics of a rejecter circuit.
- Characteristic curves of a Geiger-Muller tube.
- To determine the Dead time of a Geiger-Muller tube.
- Absorption co-efficient of beta-particles using a Geiger counter.
- Stopping power for alpha particles.
- Range of alpha particles.
ELECTRONICS
- Characteristics of a semi-conductor diode
- Setting up half and full-wave-rectifier.
- To study the input and output static characteristics of a PNP transistor.
- To study the input and output static characteristics of a NPN transistor.
- Transistor as a single stage amplifier and its voltage gain.
- Transistor as an oscillator.
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