Physics BSc Syllabus Sargodha University

Physics (Elective)

 RECOMMENDED TEXT FOR B.Sc. SYLLABUS OF PHYSICS IS GENERALLY by David Halliday, ROBERT RESNICK / KENNETH S.KRANE, Publishers John Wiley and Sons, 4^TH EDITION (ISBN 0-471-80457-6)

Note:    The Paper A, B, & C are Subjective and Paper D & E are of Practical. The each Subjective paper is of 50 marks and Paper D & E are of 25 marks each. The Papers are further subdivided into sections

CURRICULUM FOR B.Sc. (PHYSICS)

PAPER: A                                                                                                        50 Marks

SECTION-I

 MECHANICS

TOPICS	SCOPES
VECTOR OPERATIONS:
Vector in 3 dimensions	Introduction; Direction Cosines; Spherical polar coordinates; applications
Vector derivatives and operations	Divergence and curl of a vector, and gradient of a scalar.
Gradient, Divergence and Curl of a Vector	Physical application of each type; Divergence and Flux of a vector field, curl and line integral (mutual relation)
Divergence Theorem, Stokes’ Theorem	Derivation, physical importance and applications to specific cases. Converting from differential to integral forms

Reference Book: FIELD AND WAVE ELECTROMAGNETICS (Second Edition) by David K. Cheng, Addison-Wesley Series in Electrical Engineering (ISBN 0-201-52820)

Particle Dynamics

Topics	Scopes
(Advanced applications of Newton’s laws) Dynamics of Uniform motion	Frictional forces: microscopic basis of this force    Conical pendulum; the rotor, circular the banked curve.
Equations of motion.	Deriving kinematics equations X(V), v(t) using integrations. Constant and Non constant Forces and special examples.
Time dependent forces	Obtaining x(t), v(t) for this case using integration method
Effect of drag forces on motion	Applying Newton’s Laws to obtain v(t) for the case of motion with time dependent drag(viscous) forces; terminal velocity. Projectile motion/ air resistance.
Non inertial frames and Pseudo forces	Qualitative discussion to develop understanding. Calculation of pseudo forces for simple cases ( linearly accelerated references frame). Centrifugal force as an example of pseudo force; Carioles force.
Limitations of Newton’s Laws.	Discussion.
Suggested level	Ch: 6: Resnick , Halliday and Krane(R.H.K)
WORK AND ENERGY
TOPICS	SCOPES
Work done by a constant force, work done by a variable force(1-dimension).	(Essentially a review of grade-XII Concepts use of integration technique to calculate work done (e.g. in vibration of a spring obeying Hooks Law)
Work done by a variable(2-dimensional case)	Obtaining general expression force  and applying to simple cases e.g. pulling a mass at the end of a fixed string against gravity.
Work energy theorem. General proof Of work energy theorem.	Qualitative Review of work energy
Power	Theorem. Derivation using integral calculus. Basic formula and applications.
Reference Frames	Energy changes with respect to observers in different inertial frames.
Suggested Level:	Ch. 7 of R.H.K.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Conservative, and non Conservative forces	Definition of either type of force & examples; work done in a closed path. 1-D conservative system; force as the gradient of potential energy; applications to the case a spring and force of gravity.
One dimensional conservative system	Obtaining velocity in terms of U and E ; stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium. Analytic solution for x(t).
2, 3 dimensional conservative systems	Change in P.E. for motion in 3-d force. Force as the gradient of the potentials. Work done in 2, 3 dimensional motion.
Conservation of energy in a system of particles	Law of conservation of total energy of an isolated system
Suggested Level:	Ch.8 of H.R.K.
SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES
Two particle system and Generalization to many particle systems.	Centre of mass: Its position velocity and equation of motion
Centre of mass of solid objects	Calculation of center of mass of solid objects using integral calculus. Calculating C.M. of, I.                                                                                                                                                                                                     Uniform Rod. Cylinder Sphere
Momentum Changes in a system of        variable mass.	Derivation of basic equation; application to motion of a rocket (determination of its mass as a function of time).
Suggested level….	Ch.9 of H.R.K.
COLLISIONS
TOPICS	SCOPES
Elastic Collisions	(a) one dimensions.
Conservation of momentum during Collision.	(b) Two dimensions (Oblique Collisions)
Inelastic collision	One and two dimensions
Collisions in centre of Mass reference frame	Simple applications: obtaining Velocities in c.m. frame.
Suggested Level	Ch.: 10 of H.R.K.
ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
Overview of rotational Dynamics	Relationships between linear & angular variables; scalar and vector form. Kinetic energy of rotation; Moment of Inertia.
Parallel axis theorem	Prove and Illustrate; apply to simple cases

Determination of moment of inertice of various shapes. Rotational dynamics of rigid bodies.	Equations of rotational motion and effects of application of torques.
Combined rotational and transnational motion	Rolling without slipping
Suggested Levels	Ch. 12 of H.R.K
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Angular Velocity	Definition, Conservation of angular momentum, effects of Torque
Stability of spinning objects	Discussion with examples.
The spinning Top	Effects of torque on the angular momentum, precessional motion.
Suggested Level	Ch 13 H.R.K
GRAVITATION
Review of basic concepts of gravitation. Gravitational effect of a spherical mass distribution	Mathematical treatment
Gravitational Potential Energy	Develop using integration techniques; calculation of escape velocity
Gravitational field & potential	Develop the idea of field of force
Universal Gravitational Law	Motion of Planets and Keplers laws. (Derivation & explanation) Motion of satellites. Energy considerations in planetary and satellite motion. Qualitative discussion on application of gravitational law to the Galaxy.
Suggested Levels	Ch 16 of H.R.K
BULK PROPERTIES OF MATTERS
Elastic Properties of Matter	Physical basic of elasticity Tension, compression & Shearing Elastic Modulus; Elastic limit
Suggested Level	Ch 14 H.R.K
Fluid Statics	Variation of Pressure in fluid at rest and with height in the atmosphere.
Surface Tension	Physical basis; role in formation of drops and bubbles
Suggested Level	Ch 17 H.R.K
Fluid Dynamics	General concepts of fluid flow, streamline and the equation of continuity
Bernoulli’s Equation	Derivation and some applications such as dynamic lift thrust on a rocket
Viscosity	Physical basis; obtaining the coefficient of viscosity, practical example of viscosity; fluid flow (Poisenille’s law)
Suggested Level	Ch 18 R.H.K
SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
Trouble with classical Mechanics	Qualitative discussion of inadequacy or paradoxes in classical ideas of time, length and velocity.
Postulates of Relativity	Statements and Discussion
The Lorentz Transformation inverse transformation	Derivation, Assumptions on which derived application of the same Transformation of velocities.
Consequences of Lorentz transformation	Relativity of time, relativity of length
Relativistic momentum	Derivation
Relativistic energy	Derive E=mc2
Suggested level	Partially covered by Ch: 21 of H.R.K

SECTION-II

 WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS

 OSCILLATIONS

Harmonic oscillations
Simple harmonic oscillation (SHM)	Obtaining and solving the basic equation of motion x(t), v(t), a(t). Energy considerations in SHM
Application of SHM	Torsional Oscillators; Physical pendulum, Simple pendulum
SHM and uniform circular motion Lissaajous patterns.	Combinations of Harmonic motion.
Damped Harmonic Motion	Equation of damped harmonic motion, Discussion of its solution.
Forced Oscillations and resonances	Equation of forced oscillation, discussion of its solution. Examples of resonances.
Suggested level	Ch.:15 of H.R.K

WAVES

Mechanical waves Travelling waves	Phase velocity of traveling waves; Sinusoidal waves; group speed and dispersion.
Waves speed	Mechanical analysis
Wave equation.	Discussion of solution.
Power and intensity in wave motion.	Derivation and discussion
Principle of superposition (basic ideas).	Interference of waves, standing waves. Phase changes on reflection; Natural frequency, resonance.
Suggested level	Ch.: 19 of H. R. K.

SOUND

Beats Phenomenon	Analytical treatment
Doppler Effect	Moving source, moving observer, both object and source moving.
Suggested level	Ch.: 20 of H. R. K.

LIGHT

Nature of light	Visible light (Physical characteristics)
Light as an Electro-magnetic wave	Speed of light in matter: physical aspect path difference, phase difference etc.
Suggested level	Ch : 42 H. R. K.
Interference
Adding of Electromagnetic waves using phasors.	Coherence of sources; Double slit interference, analytical treatment.
Interference from thin films Michelson Interferometer	Newton’s rings (analytical treatment). (Discussion to include use of a compensating plate; Michelson interferometer use in determining velocity of light.)
Fresenel’s Biprism and its use.
Suggested level	Ch : 45 H. R. K.
Diffraction	Difference at single slit; Intensity in single slit diffraction using phasor treatment and analytical treatment using addition of waves. Slit interference & diffraction combined. Diffraction at a circular aperture
Diffraction from multiple slits	Discussion to include with of the maxima.
Diffraction grating.	Discussion, use in spectrographs. Dispersion and resolving power of gratings.
Holography	Qualitative discussion.
Suggested level	Ch : 46, 47 H. R. K.
Polarization	Basic definition, production of polarization by polarizing sheets, by reflection, by double refraction and double scattering.
Description of polarization states	Linear, Circular, elliptic polarization
Rotation of plane of polarization	Use of Polarimeter.
Suggested level	Ch : 48 H. R. K.

PAPER: B                                                                                                    50 Marks

 SECTION-I

 THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS

TOPIC	SCOPE
Temperature
Kinetic theory of the ideal gas, Work done on an ideal gas	Review of previous concepts.
Internal energy of an ideal gas	To include the Equi-partition of energy.
Intermolecular forces. Quantitative discussion.	Van der Waals equation of state.
Suggested level	Ch : 23 H. R. K.
STATISTICAL MECHANICS
Statistical, distribution and mean values	Mean free path and microscopic calculations of mean free path.
Distribution of molecular speeds Distribution of energies	Maxwell distribution; Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution; Internal energy of an ideal gas.
Brownian motion	Qualitative description. Diffusion, conduction and Viscosity
Suggested level:	Ch: 24 H.R.K.
HEAT
Review of previous concepts.	first law of Thermodynamics& its applications
First law of thermodynamics, Transfer of heat.	cyclic and free expansion.
Suggested level:	Ch 25 H.R.K.

ENTROPY AND SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNYMICS.

Reversible and irreversible	Definition , discussion.   Definition,
Process, second law.	Heat engine. Refrigerator and second law.
Cycle; Carnot engines.	Calculation of efficiency of heat engines.
Thermodynamics temperature scale	Absolute zero: negative temperature, (discussion)
Entropy   ..	Entropy in reversible process Entropy in irreversible process Entropy and second law Entropy and probability.
Suggested level	Ch :26H.R.K.
Low temperature physics	liquification of gases : Joules – Thomason effect.

SECTION-II

 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

TOPICS	SCOPE
ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charge Conductors and Insulators Vector form of Coulomb’s Law.	(Review of Previous concepts) Coulomb’s law, law for point charges. Quantization and conservation of charge. (Discussion)
Suggested level	Ch : 27 H.R.K.
Electric Field
	Field due to a point charge; due to several point charges, Electric dipole.
Electric field of continuous charge distribution.	e.g. Ring of charge; disc of charge; infinite line of charge.
Point Charge in an electric field Dipole in an electric field	Torque on and energy of a dipole in uniform field.
Gauss’s Law	Electric flux; Gauss’s law; (Integral and differential forms)
Applications of Gauss’s Law (Integral form)	Charged isolated conductors; conductor with a cavity, field near a charged conducting sheet. Field of an infinite line of charge; Field of an infinite sheet of charge. Field of spherical shell. Field of spherical charge distribution.
Suggested level:	Ch :  29 H.R.K.
ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL	Potential due to point charge. Potential due to collection of point charges. Potential due to dipole. Electric potential of continuous charge distribution. Equipotential surfaces.
Calculating the field from the potential	Field as the gradient or derivative of potential. Potential and field inside and outside an isolated conductor
Suggested level	Ch  : 30 H. R. K.
Capacitors and dielectrics	Capacitance; calculating the electric field in a capacitor. Capacitors of various shapes, cylindrical, spherical etc. Energy stored in an electric field. Energy per unit volume.
Capacitor with dielectric	Electric field of dielectric (1)                     An atomic view (2)                     Application of Gauss’s Law to capacitor with dielectric.
Suggested level	Ch: 31 H.R.K.
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric current	Current density, Resistance, resistivity, conductivity (Microscopic & macroscopic view of resistivity)
Ohm’s Law	Basic definition. Analogy between current and heat flow. Microscopic view of Ohms Law.
Energy transfers in an electric circuit
Semiconductors, Super- conductors	Descriptive giving basic idea
Suggested level	Ch : 32 H.R.K.
DC CIRCUITS
Calculating the current in a single loop, multiple loops; voltages at various elements of a loop.	Use of Kirchoff’s 1st and 2nd Law.
RC circuits.	Growth and decay of charge/ current in an RC circuit. Analytical treatment.
Suggested Level	Ch 33 H.R.K

MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS

Magnetic Field, B.	Basic idea.
Magnetic force on a charged particle magnetic force on a current.	Recall the previous results. Do not derive.
Torque on a current loop Magnetic dipole	Define Energy of magnetic dipole in field. Discuss quantitatively
Ampere’s LAW
Biot-Savarts Law	Analytical treatment and applications to a current loop, force on two parallel current changing conductors.
Ampere’s Law	Integral and differential forms, applications to solenoids and Toroids. (Integral form)
Suggested Level	Ch : 35 H.R.K
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Faraday’s Law	Magnetic Flux. Consequences of Faraday’s Law.
Lenz’s Law	Discussion, Eddy currents etc.
Motional E.M.F.	Quantitative analysis
Induced Electric fields	Calculation and applications
Suggested level	Ch 36 H.R.K
Magnetic Properties of Matter
Gauss’s Law for magnetism	Discussing and developing concepts of conservation of magnetic flux
	Differential form of Gauss Law
Origin of Atomic and Nuclear magnetism	Basic ideas’ Bohr Magnetron
Magnetization	Defining M. B. u.
Magnetic Materials	Para magnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism Discussion. Hysteresis in Ferromagnetic materials.
Suggested level	Ch 37 H.R.K
INDUCTANCE
Inductance	Basic definition. Inductance of a Solenoid; Toroid.
LR Circuits	Growth and decay of current, analytical treatment.
Energy stored in magnetic field	Derive Energy density and the magnetic field
Electromagnetic Oscillation	Qualitative discussion Quantitative analysis using differential equations (without considering damped and forced oscillations) Forced electromagnetic oscillations and resonance
Suggested Level:	Ch 38 H.R.K
Alternating current CIRCUITS	AC current in resistive, inductive and capacitive elements.
Single loop RLC circuit	Analytical expression for time dependent solution Graphical analysis phase angles
Power in AC circuits	Power Phase angles RMS values power factor
Transformer	basic transformer equation
Suggested level:	Ch,39 R.H.K.
Maxwell’s equations
Summarizing the electromagnetic equations	Gauss’s law for electromagnetism; Faraday Law; Ampere’s law
Induced magnetic fields and .Displacement current	Development of concepts, applications.
Maxwell’s equations..	(integral & differential forms) discussion and implications.
Suggested level:	Ch:40: H.R.K

Electromagnetic waves

Generating an electromagnetic wave.
Traveling waves and Maxwell’s equations	Analytical treatment; obtaining differential form  Maxwell’s equation obtaining the velocity of Light from Maxwell’s equations.
Energy transport and the Poynting vector..	Analytical treatment and discussion of physical concepts.
Suggested level:	Ch.41 H.R.K.

Paper: C                                                                                            50 Marks

 SECTION-I

Electronics

Semiconductor materials	Idea of energy bands and energy gaps (qualitative P-type, N-type material.
Junction diode	Structure, Characteristics and Application as rectifiers
Transistor	basic structure and operation
Transistor biasing..	Biasing for amplifiers; Characteristics of common base, Common emitter, Common collector, Load line, Operating  point, Hybrid parameters.
Transistor as an amplifier	Common emitter mode.
Amplification with feedback oscillators.	Positive & negative feedback Oscillators. Multivibrators.
Logic Gates	OR, AND, NOT , NAND, NOR and their basic applications.
Suggested level	A-Level Physics by ROGER MUNCASTER, 2nd Edition. Understanding Physics for Advance Level by JIM BREITHAUPT, Published by Hutchinson, ISBN 0 09 1645816.

SECTION-II

Modern physics

Quantum physics

Thermal radiations.. (Black body radiation)	Stefan Boltzmann, Wien and Planck’s law….. Consequences.
The quantization of energy.	Quantum numbers; Correspondence principle.
Photoelectric effect.
. Einstein’s photon theory.	Explanation of photoelectric effect.
The Compton Effect	Analytical treatment.
Line Spectra	Quantitative discussion; Explanation using quantum theory.
Suggested level	Ch: 49 H.R.K.

WAVE NATURE OF MATTER

Wave behavior of particles	De Broglie hypothesis
Testing De Broglie’s hypothesis	Davisson-Germer Expt and explanation.
Waves, Waves Packets and Particles	Localizing a wave in space and time
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (HUP) HUP for momentum-position and Energy Time;	HUP applied to single slit diffraction
Wave Function	Definition, relation to probability of particle.
Schrödinger Equation.	To be presented without derivation, and applied to specific cases e.g. step potentials and free part particle, Barrier. Tunneling (basic idea).

State and Energy Levels

Trapped  Particles and probability Densiti Barrier tunneling.	Particles in a well, Probability density using wave function of states.    Discussion of Particle in a     well.
The correspondence principles	Discussion.
Dual nature of matter (waves and particles)	Discussion
Suggested level	Ch.50 H.R.K

ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN

TOPICS	SCOPE
Bohr’s theory	Derivation and quantitative discussion; Frank Hertz experiment. Energy levels of electrons; Atomic Spectrum.
Angular Momentum of Electrons	(Vector atom model) orbital angular momentum; Space quantization, Orbital angular momentum & magnetism, Bohr’s magnetor
Electron Spin	Dipole in non-uniform field; Stern-Gerlach experiment, Experimental results.
Suggested Level:	Ch.51H.R.K

ATOMIC PHYSICS

X-ray Spectrum	Continuous and Discrete Spectrum- Explanation
X-ray & Atomic number	Moseley’s Law.
Development of periodic table	Pauli exclusion principle and its use in developing the periodic table.
Laser	Basic Concepts & Working of He-Ne Laser.
Suggested Level:	Ch.52 H.R.K

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Discovering the nucleus	Review. Rutherford’s Experiment and interpretation.
Some Nuclear Properties	(a) Nuclear systematic (Mass No., Atomic No. Isotopes. (b) Nuclear Force (Basic Ideas). (c) Nuclear Radii. (d) Nuclear Masses Binding Energies Mass defect. (e) Nuclear Spin & Magnetism.
Radioactive decay	Law of decay; half life, mean life.
Alpha decay	Basic ideas.
Beta decay	Basic ideas
Measuring ionizing radiation (Units)	Curie, Rad: etc.
Natural Radioactivity	Discussion, radioactive dating.
Nuclear Reactions	Basic ideas e.g. reaction energy, Q. Value, exothermic-endothermic. (Some discussion of reaction energies in the contact of nuclear stationery states).
Suggested Level	Ch. 54 H.R.K.

.ENERGY FROM THE NUCLEUS

Nuclear Fission	Basic process: Liquid drop model, description, Theory of N. Fission
Nuclear Reactors	Basic Principles.
Thermonuclear Fusion (T.N.F.)	Basic process; T.N.F. in stars.
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion	Basic Ideas and requirements for a T.N. reactor.
Suggested Level;	Ch.54 H.R.K.

PAPER:D                25 Marks

Note:  The candidate must perform at least 50% of the practical of each sub section.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

• Surface tension by capillary rise
• ‘g’ by compound pendulum
• Elastic constants of a wire by a spiral spring
• Modulus of rigidity of a wire by dynamic method
• Modulus of rigidity of a wire using Barton’s apparatus
• Modulus of rigidity of a wire using Maxwell’s needle

HEAT

• Calibration of a thermo couple by a potentiometer
• Mechanical equivalent of heat by Calendar and Barne’s apparatus

SOUND

• Frequency of A.C. using sonometer.
• Velocity of sound by Kundr’s tube.

OPTICS

• Vertical distance by a sextant
• Wavelength of sodium light by Newton’s rings
• Wavelength of sodium light by diffraction grating
• Wavelength of sodium light by Fresenel’s biprism
• Resolving power of a diffraction grating 

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

• Measurement of high resistance and capacitance of a capacitor by neon bulb.
• I-H Curve by Magnetometer
• Conversion of a moving coil galvanometer into an ammeter.
• Conversion of a moving coil galvanometer into a voltmeter.
• Calibration of an ammeter by a potentiometer.
• Calibration of a voltmeter by a potentiometer.
• Low resistance by Carey Foster Bridge.
• Charge sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer
• Comparison of capacities by ballistic galvanometer
• Measurement of magnetic flux by a search coil

PAPER:E                                                                                                 25 Marks

Note:  The candidate must perform at least 50% of the practical of each sub section.

MODERN PHYSICS

1. Work function of metal using sodium light.
2. Determine Plank’s constant ‘h’ by cut-off method using a photo Cell.
3. Measurement of Planck’s constant using a spectrometer.
4. Determination of e/m of electron by deflection method.
5. Determination of ionization potential of Mercury.
6. To study the characteristics of an acceptor circuit.
7. To study the characteristics of a rejecter circuit.
8. Characteristic curves of a Geiger-Muller tube.
9. To determine the Dead time of a Geiger-Muller tube.
10. Absorption co-efficient of beta-particles using a Geiger counter.
11. Stopping power for alpha particles.
12. Range of alpha particles.

ELECTRONICS

1. Characteristics of a semi-conductor diode
2. Setting up half and full-wave-rectifier.
3. To study the input and output static characteristics of a PNP transistor.
4. To study the input and output static characteristics of a NPN transistor.
5. Transistor as a single stage amplifier and its voltage gain.
6. Transistor as an oscillator.

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